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Different categories of hadith (sayings attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad) have been used by various scholars. The muhaddithun (experts in the science of hadith criticism) generally use two terms - ''taqrīr'' for tacit approvals, and ''khabar'' for sayings and acts ascribed to Muhammad. The term taqrīr implies that, in the presence of Muhammad, a believer did something, which Muhammad noticed but did not disapprove or condemn. Thus, the act done by a believer acquired tacit approval from Muhammad. It is commonly acknowledged that a khabar can be true or false. The scholars of the science of hadith criticism hold that a khabar and, therefore, a hadith can be a true report or a concoction. It is on the basis of this premise that the Muslim scholars hold that a hadith offers a ''ẓannī'' (inconclusive/probably true) evidence. It is as though a hadith may have many possibilities on the plane of reliability. == Categorization based on reliability == * ''Ṣaḥīḥ'' - transmitted through an unbroken chain of narrators all of whom are of sound character and memory. Such a hadith should not clash with a more reliable report and must not suffer from any other hidden defect.〔Mahmūd Tahhān, ''Taysīr Mustalih al-Hadīth'', (Lahore: Islamic Publishing House, n.d.), 33.〕 * ''Ḥasan'' - transmitted through an unbroken chain of narrators all of whom are of sound character but weak memory. This hadith should not clash with a more reliable report and must not suffer from any other hidden defect.〔Mahmūd Tahhān, ''Taysīr Mustalih al-Hadīth'', (Lahore: Islamic Publishing House, n.d.), 45.〕 * ''Ḍaʻīf'' - which cannot gain the status of hasan because it lacks one or more elements of a hasan hadith. (For example, if the narrator is not of sound memory and sound character, or if there is a hidden fault in the narrative or if the chain of narrators is broken).〔Mahmūd Tahhān, ''Taysīr Mustalih al-Hadīth'', (Lahore: Islamic Publishing House, n.d.), 62.〕 * ''Mawḍūʻ'' - fabricated and wrongly ascribed to Muhammad.〔Mahmūd Tahhān, ''Taysīr Mustalih al-Hadīth'', (Lahore: Islamic Publishing House, n.d.), 89.〕 * ''Maqlūb'' - It is that hadith, in two different narrations of which the names of narrators have been changed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Categories of Hadith」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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